Classification and energy storage principle of lithium batteries
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries represent the leading electrochemical energy storage technology. At the end of 2018, the United States had 862 MW/1236 MWh of grid-scale battery storage, with Li-ion batteries representing over 90% of operating capacity [1].
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries represent the leading electrochemical energy storage technology. At the end of 2018, the United States had 862 MW/1236 MWh of grid-scale battery storage, with Li-ion batteries representing over 90% of operating capacity [1].
However, the current energy densities of commercial LIBs and LMBs are still not sufficient to support the above technologies. For example, the power lithium batteries with an energy density between 300-400 Wh/kg can accommodate merely 1-7 seat aircraft for short durations, which are exclusively suitable for brief urban transportation routes as short as tens of minutes [6], [12].
There are four promising cell chemistries considered for energy storage applications: 1) LiMn 2 O 4 /graphite cell chemistry uses low-cost materials that are naturally abundant; 2) LiNi 1-X-Y2 Co X Al Y O 2 /graphite cell chemistry has high specific energy and long life; 3) LiFePO 4 /graphite (or carbon) cell chemistry has good safety .
This chapter presents an overview of the key concepts, a brief history of the advancement and factors governing the electrochemical performance metrics of battery technology. It also contains in-depth explanation of the electrochemistry and basic operation of lithium-ion batteries.
A battery is made up of an anode, cathode, separator, electrolyte, and two current collectors (positive and negative). The anode and cathode store the lithium. The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa through the separator.
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